<Table><TBODY>
</P>
<H4 align=center>
<FONT face=Helvetica,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>Law
Enforcement Officers Feloniously Killed in the Line of Duty with Firearms
1993-2002 </FONT></H4><TR>
<TH width="28%" height=40>
<FONT
face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>Size of</FONT><FONT
face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif> Ammunition</FONT></TH>
<TH width="22%">
<FONT
face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>Total</FONT><FONT
face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif> Slain</FONT></TH>
<TH width="29%">
<FONT
face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>While Wearing
</FONT><FONT face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>Body
Armor</FONT></TH>
<TH width="21%">
<FONT face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>With
Own </FONT><FONT
face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>Weapon</FONT></TH></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.22
caliber</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">28</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">9</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">2</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.25
caliber</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">18</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">11</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.32
caliber</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">9</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">6</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">0</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.32-20
caliber</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">0</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">0</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.357
magnum</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">30</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">19</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">5</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.38
caliber</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">65</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">28</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">5</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.380
caliber</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">43</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">24</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">0</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.40
caliber</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">34</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">24</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">11</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.41
magnum</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">0</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.44
magnum</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">11</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">7</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.45
caliber</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">36</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">24</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">5</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.455
caliber</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">0</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.50
caliber</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">0</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">7.62x25
millimeter</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">0</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">9
millimeter</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">136</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">65</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">14</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">9x18
millimeter</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">0</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">10
millimeter</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">2</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">0</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">Size not
reported</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">25</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">10</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">0</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="28%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">Total</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="22%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">443</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="29%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">232</FONT></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%"><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">45</FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV align=center></DIV>
<FONT face=Helvetica,Italic,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif size=2>Source: U.S.
Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, </FONT><FONT
face=Helvetica,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif size=2>Law Enforcement Officers Killed
and Assaulted, 2002</FONT>
<FONT
face=Helvetica,Italic,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif size=2> (Washington, DC,
2003).</FONT> </P>
<H4 align=center>
<FONT
face=Helvetica,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>Offenders Justifiably Killed or
Committed Suicide</FONT> <FONT
face=Helvetica,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>1991-2000</FONT></H4>
<DIV align=center>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="52%"
summary="This table lists offenders justifiably killed or committed suicide 1991 - 2000"
border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TH width="17%">
<DIV align=center>
<FONT
face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>Year</FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH width="36%">
<DIV align=center>
<FONT
face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>Justifiably Killed
</FONT><FONT face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>by Victim
Officer</FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH width="26%">
<DIV align=center>
<FONT
face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>Justifiably Killed
</FONT><FONT face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>by Other
Than Victim</FONT></DIV></TH>
<TH width="21%">
<DIV align=center>
<FONT
face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>Committed </FONT><FONT
face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>Suicide</FONT></DIV></TH></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle width="17%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1991</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="36%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">2</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="26%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">6</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">5</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle width="17%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1992</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="36%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">3</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="26%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">6</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">5</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle width="17%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1993</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="36%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">2</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="26%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">7</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">6</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle width="17%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1994</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="36%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">4</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="26%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">12</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">9</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle width="17%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1995</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="36%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">4</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="26%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">5</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">8</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle width="17%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1996</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="36%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="26%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">14</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">3</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle width="17%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1997</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="36%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">2</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="26%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">6</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">12</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle width="17%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1998</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="36%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">2</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="26%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">11</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">4</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle width="17%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">1999</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="36%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">0</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="26%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">5</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">5</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle width="17%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">2000</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="36%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">3</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="26%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">6</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">5</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="17%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">Total</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="36%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">23</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="26%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">78</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD align=right width="21%">
<DIV align=center><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">62</FONT></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
<FONT face=Helvetica,Italic,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif size=2>Source:
Compiled by members of the FBI’s Criminal Justice Information Services Division
with data from U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of
Investigation,</FONT> <FONT face=Helvetica,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif
size=2>Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, 2002</FONT>
<FONT
face=Helvetica,Italic,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif size=2> (Washington, DC, 2003).
</FONT></P>
<P align=left> </P>
<H3 align=left>
<FONT face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>THE
TRAINING </FONT></H3>
<P align=left><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">A firm understanding of what an
officer possibly may expect if shot or severely injured during a violent
confrontation with an adversary remains crucial. This includes heightening an
officer’s aware ness about establishing a survival mind-set and practical
measures to combat reactions </FONT><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">to extreme stress concerning
natural physiological, psychological, and emotional responses that occur in
normal people during abnormal situations. Such training is imperative in
</FONT>
<FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Italic,Times New Roman,Times,serif">conquering</FONT><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif"> survival versus
</FONT>
<FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Italic,Times New Roman,Times,serif">succumbing</FONT><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif"> to an otherwise treatable,
recoverable injury. </FONT></P>
<H3>
<FONT face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>Survival
Training </FONT></H3>
<FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">Effective survival training
should provide a clear under standing of how authorized weapons and ammunition
likely will perform under varying conditions to 1) strengthen officer confidence
in personal skills with equipment and 2) prepare officers to efficiently and
quickly incapacitate/control a threat against life. First and foremost, officers
should possess a working knowledge about terminal ballistic performance of
bullets when fired through intervening obstacles that they, by necessity, may
have to shoot through and penetrate to incapacitate a violent adversary. Some
common intervening obstacles encountered in law enforcement shootings can
include heavy clothing; building materials, such as wood and drywall; automobile
windshield glass; and sheet metal used in vehicle doors. Such obstacles may
alter terminal projectile performance (i.e., the medium may plug or </FONT><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">close the hollow point of a
bullet, making it perform as a ball round or become deformed and, thus, limit
penetration). </FONT></P>
<FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">Officers also should know about
ammunition performance at different, reasonable distances. Such training
promotes greater understanding of agency policy when applied to different
situations encountered in daily work experiences (i.e., when it is reasonable to
shoot, not shoot, or seek alternate methods of self-preservation). Agencies
using firearm ranges of 25 yards or fewer may consider options of periodically
shooting at reduced-size targets, simulating a longer-distance handgun shot.
</FONT></P>
<FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">Finally, officers should
possess a basic understanding of the human anatomy and related system functions
from a three-dimensional perspective. Training should visually convey the
placement and vulnerabilities of the cardiovascular system (heart, lungs, and
blood-bearing organs) and the central nervous system (brain and upper spinal
column). Knowledge of how these human systems likely will respond to
low-velocity projectiles, such as from most hand guns, and high-velocity ones,
such as from high-powered rifles, will augment officer awareness that reactions
to being shot may not occur immediately. Perhaps more important, this
information can help </FONT><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">prevent officers from forming a
false assumption or preconceived expectation that the adversary </FONT>
<FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Italic,Times New Roman,Times,serif">will be</FONT><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif"> rendered immediately harmless
following a well-placed shot from their firearm. </FONT></P>
<P align=center>[img]oct04lebx21x1.jpg[/img] </P>
<H3 align=left>
<FONT
face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>Firearms Training
</FONT></H3>
<P align=left><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">Well-rounded firearms training
programs should include instruction and courses of fire emphasizing fundamentals
of marksmanship and position shooting. However, from a survival aspect,
additional training points require consideration. Examples include alternate
courses of fire that possess phases unfamiliar to the officer, as well as a
preset number of fired rounds, such as routinely employed in qualification
courses and largely gathered for the purpose of establishing a “standard” of
proficiency if needed in litigation. Alternate </FONT><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">courses of fire (e.g.,
specialized combat courses), by design, should reinforce desirable behaviors and
thought processes. Combat courses should necessitate officers shooting until
they incapacitate the threat (target) or the threat ceases. This can help
</FONT>
<FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Italic,Times New Roman,Times,serif">prevent,
rather than encourage</FONT><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">, psychological reinforcement
and presumption that the threat will desist after firing a given number of
rounds. If lethal force is warranted and appropriate under the circumstances,
the officer </FONT>
<FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Italic,Times New Roman,Times,serif">must shoot until the
threat ceases</FONT><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">.
Use of cardboard or paper targets, although economical, inherently forces
personnel to perceive bullet impacts on a single plane of reference with out
dimension—much different from a human simulation with dimension and placement of
organs/skeletal structure of a body. An occasional mix of training on a
three-dimensional target, such as clothed mannequins, preformed targets, and
other devices limited only by imagination, may better demonstrate and encourage
personnel to exercise critical-thinking skills for delivering optimal shot
placement and effective ness. An example is a shooting scenario requiring
accurate shot placement on a three-dimensional target at an adverse angle
substantially different from the usual 90-degree target </FONT><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">placement in many training
scenarios due to range design, safety, and economy of training resource time.
</FONT></P>
<FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">Economical, three-dimensional
reaction targets made of cardboard to resemble a torso are available. These
targets, suspended by heavy string or cord to one or two inflated balloons
inside the body of the device, can become lifelike by placing old clothing, such
as a shirt or jacket, on the exterior. When one or both of the bal loons are
struck by a bullet, the balloon pops and the target drops from its suspended
position. Such an exercise emphasizes that the officer must aim at a distinct
spot on the torso to achieve incapacitation, rather than merely shooting at the
entire target. </FONT></P>
<FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">New technology incorporated
into training simulators portraying lifelike, real-time scenarios permits course
designers to define the zones of immediate or quick incapacitation similar to
the relative area on a human body. Additionally, designers can denote zones of
incapacitation based on the angle and distance of the adversary from the
officer, as well as scenarios representing body armor worn by the adversary.
</FONT></P>
<H3 align=left>
<FONT
face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif>CONCLUSION </FONT></H3>
<P align=left><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">Just as in the days of the
American Old West when only </FONT><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">the peace officers’ superb
gun-handling abilities stood between them and the violent outlaws of their time,
today’s law enforcement professionals still must rely on their firearm skills to
protect their communities from similar lawlessness. Employing deadly force
against another human being is not an easy choice, nor should it be. </FONT></P>
<P align=left><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">However,
when an individual is intent on causing grave bodily injury, even death, to
officers sworn to uphold this nation’s laws, those officers must react
responsibly and quickly to protect their communities and to avoid the loss of
innocent lives, as well as their own. </FONT></P>
<P align=left><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">The perpetuation of the
one-shot drop by movies and television programs has no place in the real world
of violent criminals bent on their destructive missions. Officers must realize
</FONT><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif">that they have to
continually hone their survival skills, always expect the unexpected, and never
give up; they must protect themselves to protect their communities. </FONT></P>
<H3 align=left>
<FONT face=TimesNewRoman,Bold,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif
size=2>Endnotes </FONT></H3>
<P align=left><SUP><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2>1</FONT></SUP><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2> The FBI hosts four
10-week sessions each year during which law enforcement executives from around
the world come together to attend classes in various criminal justice subjects.
</FONT></P>
<P align=left><SUP><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2>2</FONT></SUP><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2> “Physiologically, a
determined adversary can be stopped reliably and immediately only by a shot that
disrupts the brain or upper spinal cord. Failing to hit the center nervous
system, massive bleeding from holes in the heart, or major blood vessels of the
torso causing circulatory collapse is the only way to force incapacitation upon
an adversary, and this takes time. For example, there is sufficient oxygen
within the brain to support full, voluntary action for 10 to 15 seconds after
the heart has been destroyed.” See U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of
Investigation, Firearms Training Unit, FBI Academy, </FONT>
<FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Italic,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2>Handgun Wounding
Factors and Effectiveness</FONT><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2> (Quantico, VA, July 14,
1989), 8.</FONT> </P>
<P align=left><SUP><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif"
size=2>3</FONT></SUP><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif"
size=2> Ibid. </FONT></P>
<P align=left><SUP><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2>4</FONT></SUP><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2> U.S. Department of
Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, </FONT>
<FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Italic,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2>Law Enforcement
Officers Killed and Assaulted, 2002 </FONT><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2>(Washington, DC, 2003).
</FONT></P>
<P align=left><SUP><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2>5</FONT></SUP><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2> Members of the FBI’s
Criminal Justice Information Services Division collected and supplied this
information to the authors for this article. </FONT></P>
<P align=left><SUP><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2>6</FONT></SUP><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2> U.S. Department of
Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, </FONT>
<FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Italic,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2>Killed in the
Line of Duty</FONT><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif"
size=2> (Washington, DC, 1992); and, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau
of Investigation, National Institute of Justice, </FONT>
<FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Italic,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2>In The Line of
Fire: Violence Against Law Enforcement</FONT><FONT
face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif" size=2> (Washington, DC, 1997).
</FONT></P>
<P align=left><SUP><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif"
size=2>7</FONT></SUP><FONT face="TimesNewRoman,Times New Roman,Times,serif"
size=2> Supra note 4, 44. </FONT></P></Table>